RESOLVING THE LEDGER
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Thousands of dogs and cats across Texas face adoption holds and a heightened risk of euthanasia as officials work to stop the spread of the New World screwworm, an insect that has crossed from Mexico into the United States for the first time in 60 years.
The flesh-eating parasite threatens the country's $113 billion beef industry, leading federal officials to close the border to cattle movements. Because the screwworm can also infect household pets , most states have restricted animal transport from affected Texas areas, resulting in crowded conditions at state shelters dependent on rehoming animals elsewhere.
"It’s thrown a wrench into things, for small rescues as well as the bigger shelters," said Mia Bendixsen, executive director of the Texas Humane Legislation Network, an organization promoting animal welfare laws.
Capable of laying eggs that hatch into flesh-eating larvae in any mammal's wounds or mucous, the screwworm has caused dozens of infections across southern Texas and southeastern New Mexico, including several in dogs. Restrictions imposed by 44 states on pet movements from infested zones have created severe hardship for Texas shelters that typically transfer thousands of animals each year.
In Corpus Christi, the Gulf Coast Humane Society was unable to transfer rescued dogs to New York state for weeks, causing the shelter's total animal population to climb from roughly 325 to nearly 450.
The facility, which sends approximately 500 dogs outside Texas annually, constructed extra room in outdoor exercise areas until New York resumed allowing dogs from Texas, provided a veterinarian first certified each pet was free of screwworm.
She noted that if her facility lacks space to accept animals from municipal shelters, "then they have to euthanize more animals."
Moving dogs and cats from Texas to other states, particularly in the Northeast or Great Lakes region, has become crucial to saving stray and abandoned animals.
In 2025, Texas had more unadopted dogs transferred out of its shelters than any other state — nearly 89,000, according to the American Society to Prevent Cruelty to Animals. Texas also euthanized about 45,000 dogs — more dogs than any other state, according to the data.
And Texas led in the number of cats transferred out of its shelters — nearly 53,000 — and was second to California in those euthanized, with almost 29,000.
Texas has more stray dogs and cats than any state other than California — about 439,000 in 2025 — largely because of its high population and size. Warm weather also allows stray animals to survive longer and breed more, said veterinarians and animal welfare advocates. They added that Texas pet owners seem less willing to spay or neuter their dogs.
“There are people with working ranch and farm dogs, both male and female, who feel like the animal will lose some of its drive," said veterinarian Lori Teller, executive director of the Texas Veterinary Medical Association.
In Houston, Humane Society shelter Director Aaron Grady said an inability to send animals out of state has left them more stressed.
“If an adopter comes through and they’re going from kennel to kennel and they see one dog who may be sitting calmly and contentedly in one kennel and then in the next kennel, there’s one dog who’s bouncing off of the walls and barking because of how stressed they are, first one may be looking more desirable,” Grady said.
The Houston shelter has worked to keep its animal population — mostly cats and dogs — at about 200 by tapping a network of foster homes for up to 300 more and by helping pet owners keep their animals even a little longer.
Restrictions on animal transports followed efforts by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to keep the New World screwworm fly from crossing the border with Mexico.
Those efforts include construction of a $750 million fly factory in southern Texas for breeding billions of sterile males set to open in April 2027. The U.S. had largely eradicated the fly by the early 1970s by breeding sterile males and releasing them from planes to mate with females, who laid eggs that wouldn't hatch.
Smaller facilities in Texas and southern Mexico have been dispersing sterile flies bred in Panama, and another is planned for Arizona.
A week after the first reported case in Texas this year, Florida — where the screwworm fly can thrive — banned imports of rescued dogs and cats from there and New Mexico. Other states required veterinarians to inspect animals and declare them free of the parasite. Many shortened the period that a certification was valid from the typical 30 days to as little as three days.
State restrictions hit an animal welfare system that's long been short of the money and other resources, said Delcianna Winders, director of the Animal Law and Policy Institute at the Vermont Law and Graduate School.
She said shelters need more money and space, but communities also should require animals to be spayed or neutered — and have programs to provide those services if people cannot afford them.
“If we could provide them just with some basic support, they might be able to keep those animals in their homes, and that’s one less animal in a shelter, one less animal being killed,” she said.
COVID-19 stressed the system, too, in part because pandemic restrictions put spaying and neutering on hold. Cost of living increases are another reason people turn animals over to shelters.
“A lot of them are just saying, ‘I just can’t, I just can’t do it anymore,’” said Brandon Krodle, animal control supervisor in Greenville, Texas, a fast-growing city northeast of Dallas.
Mills, the Corpus Christi shelter director, has a dog who would have died in 2015 but for a nearly 1,000-mile (1,600-kilometer) trip from Paris, Texas, to Angola, Indiana, where Mills was working at the time. Zuri, a young female Shepherd-pit bull mix, was on a list of dogs slated for euthanasia, and Mills' count...
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