RESOLVING THE LEDGER
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In Ulanqab, a city in Inner Mongolia home to about 1.5 million people, nearly 100 data centers have been opened or begun construction since 2016. Chinese companies have pledged to build projects with a combined estimated capacity of 12.5 gigawatts in the city, and over 70 percent of the total commitments have been announced in just the last year, making it one of the fastest growing compute clusters in Asia, according to a research note published by Goldman Sachs last week. For comparison, OpenAI’s $500 billion Stargate Project is set to reach only 10 gigawatts of total capacity when it’s complete.
Chinese companies are flocking to Ulanqab for a number of reasons. The city sits at high elevation on the Inner Mongolian Plateau and has long, cold winters, which means data centers there don’t need to use as much energy to stay cool. It’s also relatively close to Beijing, so data can be transmitted to China’s populous regions with minimum latency. But the most enticing factor has to do with costs. Electricity is cheaper in Inner Mongolia than almost anywhere else in China, driven by both the strong growth of wind and solar energy and an abundant supply of coal.
What’s also interesting is who is building these data centers. For the first time, Chinese AI companies are making big investments in their own infrastructure, rather than renting compute from cloud companies. DeepSeek is reportedly building a massive AI data center in Ulanqab, as are ByteDance, Alibaba, and Xiaohongshu. For years, Chinese AI companies have spent far less on building physical infrastructure than their American peers, despite developing a number of popular AI models with impressive capabilities. The Ulanqab data center boom signals that now they are finally starting to catch up.
There’s just one problem: finding enough water. Ulanqab is about as dry as Denver, getting only roughly 14 inches of rain each year. The local government is already struggling to provide enough water to meet resident demand—before many of the planned data center projects are even up and running. Last month, the local water company in Ulanqab was forced to turn off several waterworks for seven hours each night to mitigate peak demand. The data centers being built in the city will need less water in the winter—weather data from the local government of Ulanqab shows they only require additional water for cooling during two months out of the year—but all of the new infrastructure could still pose a significant environmental challenge for the region.
Inner Mongolia has been a data center hot spot for at least a decade, long before the current AI boom. Huawei built its first one in Ulanqab in 2016, and Apple followed suit three years later. In 2021, the area was designated as one of the main hubs of a country-wide government project dubbed “Eastern Data, Western Compute,” which aims to build data centers in the Western hinterlands of China.
There was one major drawback, though. Because they are located far from China’s populous eastern coast, these data centers initially faced high latency rates when transferring data to the majority of users. As a result, they were initially largely relegated to backup storage—until AI gave them a new purpose. “With the rise of AI in 2022, there was the realization that actually, those remote data centers could be well-utilized for model training,” says Andrew Stokols, a professor at Singapore Management University who studies China’s compute infrastructure. A training run for an AI model can take months and doesn’t require much real-time tinkering, so latency is less of an issue.
Relatively speaking, Ulanqab is also not really that far away. Inner Mongolia is much closer to Beijing and other major metropolitan areas in China than any Western data center hub is. And it’s now connected by two dedicated fiber optics cables built in 2017 and 2019 that reduced average latency speeds to less than five milliseconds, fast enough to support real-time data exchanges like AI inference.
Compared to other data center hubs in China, Ulanqab’s growth seems to have been driven more by commercial demand than government-led investment, Stokols says. As Chinese AI startups like DeepSeek, Moonshot AI, and Zhiput AI have begun attracting more paying users at home, they have found a viable business case for inference data centers close enough to serve them without excessive latency.
The Chinese government is excited about building data centers in Inner Mongolia for another reason: It could help absorb the country’s excess capacity of renewable energy. Damien Ma, director of Carnegie China, a Singapore-based research center, says there’s a positive correlation between regions in China with the most unused renewable energy and those that have built the most data centers.
In the eyes of the government, this is a win-win strategy. China can catch up to pace of data center construction in the US, while simultaneously increasing demand for renewable energy. So it should come as no surprise that Envision, one of the largest Chinese manufacturers of wind turbines, announced this month that it will build a 2 gigawatt AI data center in Ulanqab connected directly to the company’s own clean power supply.
But experts caution that looking at AI data centers and renewable energy in China as a match made in heaven is too simple of a story. Stokols found in his research that about 37 percent of electricity in Ulanqab still comes from coal. And since data centers need to run around the clock, operators have traditionally favored fossil fuels for their reliability.
“Inner Mongolia has long been the West Virginia of China. It’s a coal country,” says Ma. The region is now racing to replace coal with wind and solar, but it remains unclear how fast that transition will happen or how far it will go. For now, the data centers popping up in China’s remote highlands will have to keep relying on coal to some extent. But “in three years, maybe it will...
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